Inquiry Learning Experience - 1140 Words

This inquiry learning experience is designed to give students the opportunity to explore the metamorphosis of a caterpillar into a butterfly (see appendix). Through this experience, children will practice the skills of observing, communicating, classifying and inferring. These skills are integrated in the lessons and allow children to construct knowledge about how caterpillar will change into a butterfly following certain developmental growth sequence. Children need to collect information about the life cycle of a butterfly using their science journals to record observations and questions and assess their understanding. The learning strategies vary from individual to a whole group activity and small group activity and ensure that teachers are giving individual attention and encouragement for students to express ideas and thoughts and practice writing in their journals. In this experience, children will be giving the opportunity to observe the transformation process in their class as part of real life experience while observing real caterpillar transforming into a butterfly. More activities such as songs, sequence cards game, charts, drawing, stories and audio visual videos (See appendix) are there to reinforce the understanding of the concept. A fieldtrip to a place where they rear butterflies will be very beneficial as well if such a place does exist. It would be an amazing educational experience for students and teachers to visit and witness this amazing naturalShow MoreRelatedInquiry On The Humanities Classroom Essay1882 Words   |  8 Pages Inquiry Learning in the Humanities Classroom 1.0 What is Inquiry Learning in Humanities and Social Sciences? Humanities and Social sciences is one of the most important subjects in the Australian Curriculum because it leads students into learning about people and how people interact with each other and the environment. It is foundational to sustainable practices and civic responsibility. As parents, you may remember Geography; History; Business and Economics; and Civics and Citizenship as beingRead MoreConstructivism And Constructivism724 Words   |  3 Pagesunderstanding. Learning involves an active process in which learners construct meaning by linking new ideas with their existing knowledge. (Naylor Keogh, 1999, p.93) As a teacher, you have to arm the students with the necessary tools so that they discover new things for themselves. Jones also states, The human mind can know only what the human mind has made (von Glasersfeld, 1995, p. 21). Constructivism is and always will be considered a higher-level thinking way of teaching and learning. Over theRead MoreThe Effect Of Inquiry Based Learning On Pupils Understanding2214 Words   |  9 Pages THE EFFECT OF INQUIRY – BASED LEARNING ON PUPILS’ UNDERSTANDING STUDENT NUMBER: 9607807 THE EFFECT OF INQUIRY – BASED LEARNING ON PUPILS’ UNDERSTANDING Two of the three aims of the national curriculum for mathematics in England states that pupils should be able to: †¢ reason mathematically by following a line of enquiry, conjecturing relationships and generalisations, and developing an argument, justification or proof using mathematical language †¢ solve problems by applying theirRead MoreQuestions On Science : Science Inquiry6774 Words   |  28 PagesElementary Methods Unit 5: Science Inquiry in the Classroom Summary: In today?s traditional science classroom, teachers are the givers of knowledge and present the required information in either a lecture or presentation method. Students are expected to sit quietly, take notes and retain the information for the test at the end of the unit. When student do engage in science activities, they do not often connect the concept with the activity with causes a lack of student understanding and retentionRead MoreHow Teachers Can Use Social Constructivist Based Instructional Practices3528 Words   |  15 Pages310-200-7672 GED 501 Seminar in Learning and Development California State University of Dominguez Hills December 2014 Abstract Instructional practices based in social constructivism involve students constructing new knowledge utilizing social interaction amongst themselves and with teachers. Learner-centered classrooms require significant planning and forethought by teachers to ensure that instruction is well structured, but fluid enough to allow for student-led inquiry. This paper analyzes severalRead MoreRationale Of Curriculum Integration And Differentiation1705 Words   |  7 Pagesindividual needs, interests and abilities. These students must be able learn in a context that is relevant to their lives and every day experiences as 21st century learners (Australian Curriculum and Reporting Authority, 2013). Integration or integrated curriculum at its core, is solely about making connections (Murdoch Hornsby, 1997). Connections between core learning areas such as literacy, numeracy or science, create deeper connected understandings when delivered through an integrated curriculumRead MoreThe Curriculum An d Reporting Authority1461 Words   |  6 PagesHumanities is a learning area which all Australian children will be educated in when they go to school. Based on the Australian Curriculum, Humanities encompasses Geography, History and Civic and citizenship. (Australian Curriculum and Reporting Authority [ACARA], 2014). By studying this learning area, children will attain a comprehensive, informative view of their world and with the knowledge learnt, become active participants in the 21st century (ACARA,2014).It has been suggested, children inRead MoreThe Goal of Education is the Student Discovering the Power of his/her Own Mind1566 Words   |  6 Pagesgoal in education than that the child shall discover the power of his or her own mind. And I know of no more important source of that discovery for every child, than the inquiry that lives in continuing exploratory in the classroom. (Lindfors, 1999, p.247) Kindergarten is the place where children explore real experiences and know how world works. They start gradually to construct knowledge and transform their curiosities into thoughts and questions. By wondering to find answers, childrenRead MoreMy Philosophy Of Teaching And Learning Programs Essay1612 Words   |  7 Pagesmembers of the class.(Vrankovic, M, 2016). My learning philosophy is derived from the constructivist philosophy whereby students are active participants in their learning in order to be able to transfer information into new situations to promote deeper levels of understanding which caters for the diversity of each child. My philosophy of teaching aligns with Inquiry learning where a child’s natural inquisitive mind is nurtured through active learning experiences which are both child lead and adult leadRead MoreConstructivist Beliefs And Assumptions That Learners Actively Construct Their Meaning And Alter Their Prior Knowledge By Interacting With Learning1122 Words   |  5 Pagesinteracting with the learning environment (Jansen Land, 2012). Constructivist approach to learning emphasizes the importance of actively building meaning by interacting with the learning environment and integrating new information into the learners existing knowledge (Dede, 2008; Dabbagh, 2006; Colburn, 2000). Students learn better when they are actively engaged in learning process (Jaakkola, 2012). In inquiry learning environments students learn by actively participating in the learning process, interacting

Students Who Are Studying Through E Learning Effectively,...

Students who are studying through E-Learning effectively, they will have preferable results level than those who do not!! Introduction The education system one of the fundamentally indispensable parts of any society also by using the information and communication technology undoubtedly led to appearance and development the E-learning, which helped students to develop their skills and expand educational opportunities for the advancement of their countries in the 21st century (Garrison and Anderson, 2003). In the present years teaching and education by using E-learning system have become a widespread phenomenon (Najmul and Islam, 2015). â€Å"E-learning can be understood as an educational process, using information and communication technologies to create training, to distribute learning content, communication between students and teachers and for a management of studies† (Wagner, 2005). Due the tremendous growth in Internet technology, approach E-learning has become increasingly popular for learning in higher education institutions (Oye et al., 2012). E-learning can be in several different patterns through edu cation by using computers and interactive electronic boards, as well as take benefits of the Communications and Information technology through the Internet for distance learning at various universities around the world any sense to exploit all available technologies for learning. The fundamental purpose of conducting this research is to emphasize the impact of e-learning onShow MoreRelatedComputer Based Learning4665 Words   |  19 PagesABSTRACT Learning is a process that is influenced significantly by the combination and interactions of three main areas of influence: agent, activity and world. A number of writers have used other descriptions for these influencing factors. 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To attract more Mainland visitors in coming two years To sustain/ maintain Ocean Park as a world-class and must-see destination (D) SITUATION ANALYSIS †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreOcean Park Marketing Project9969 Words   |  40 PagesManagement Project – A Two Years Marketing Plan for Ocean Park Student Name: Chan Chi Keung Tommy Student Number: 052354 Spring Term 2008 Table of Contents (A) (B) (C) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ P4 INTRODUCTION OF OCEAN PARK †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ P.5-6 MARKETING OBJECTIVE †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ P.7 1. 2. To attract more Mainland visitors in coming two years To sustain/ maintain Ocean Park as a world-class and must-see destination (D) SITUATION ANALYSIS †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreBodie, Kane, Marcus Study Guide Essay40928 Words   |  164 PagesONE INVESTMENTS: BACKGROUND AND ISSUES CHAPTER OVERVIEW The purpose of this book is to a) help students in their own investing and b) pursue a career in the investments industry. To help accomplish these goals Part 1 of the text (Chapters 1through 4) introduces students to the different investment types, the markets in which the securities trade and to investment companies. In this chapter the student is introduced to the general concept of investing, which is to forego consumption today so that

Improving Quality to Improve Profits Free Essays

string(67) " database and compare this number to the current active suppliers\." Improving Quality to Improve Profits XXXXXXXX BUS 642: Business Research Methods Tools Prof. Donna Wall September 10, 2012 ? Improving Quality to Improve Profit Public companies continuously experience pressure to increase profits for shareholders. One method of increasing profits is to reduce expenses. We will write a custom essay sample on Improving Quality to Improve Profits or any similar topic only for you Order Now One expense Schlumberger management believes is totally within the company’s control is the first pass yield of their products. Specifically, Schlumberger management believed that raising the first pass yield of their product to at least 99% would result in at least a 1% increase in profit. As Fawcett Calantone (2000) point out â€Å"quality’s relevance extends to its ability to reduce costs of defective work. Crosby estimated that the cost of quality are equivalent to 15 to 20 percent of sales revenue and argued that if quality were improved, total cost would inevitably fall, increasing firms profitability† (par. 22). As a result, Schlumberger management authorized a study to validate their hypothesis and determine specific focus areas to place resources that will maximize the effort for achieving results. To start the validation, the research team decided to utilize the specific research process charted in Business Research Methods written by Cooper and Schindler. As Cooper and Schindler (2011) point out â€Å"good research generates dependable data that are derived by professionally conducted practices and that can be used reliably for decision making† (p. 12). Cooper and Schindler (2011) go on to state â€Å"good research follows the standard scientific method: systematic, empirically based procedures for generating replicable research† (p. 2). As a result, this particular study will follow the process of clearly define the purpose, provide process details, thoroughly plan the research design, provide high ethical standards, reveal any limitations honestly, provide adequate analysis for the decision makers, present findings unambiguously, justify the conclusions, and reflect the researcher’s experience. The first step in the overall process is to clearly defined purpose. To complete this step we need to answer the following questions. Question one is what is the management dilemma? Question two is what are the management questions? Question three is what are the research questions? And the forth question is what are the investigative questions? In this case, the management dilemma is how to increase profit margin. The management question is if we increase first pass yield to 99%, will profit margin increase by at least 1% given everything else stays equal? The research questions are what areas of the business should management allocate resources to improve first pass yield? The investigation questions are 1) what is the current first pass yield of our manufacturing facilities? 2) What is the first pass yield of each manufacturing facility? 3) What is the first pass yield of each product group? 4) What is the first pass yield of our incoming material from all suppliers? 5) What is the first pass yield of each active supplier? 6) What is the current profit margin? Next in the overall process is to create an operational definition for the study. In this particular study specific definitions are needed. For consistency, we will utilize the Association for Operations Management (or APICS) definitions for operating profit and first pass yield. APICS defines profit margin as â€Å"the difference between the sales and cost of goods sold for an organization. † According to APICS first pass yield is defined as â€Å"the ration of products that conform to specifications without rework or modification to total input. † This definition will be used in our manufacturing facilities as well as incoming material from our suppliers. Other terms that need to be defined for clarity include Schlumberger manufacturing assembly site facility, supplier, approved supplier list, and current active suppliers. Schlumberger manufacturing site will be defined as any manufacturing or assembly site Schlumberger owns. A supplier will be defined as any company delivering components, sub-assemblies, or final products that are not owned by Schlumberger. Approved supplier list will be defined as the list of suppliers approved by Schlumberger through the Quality Manufacturing and Safety (QMS) Audit and first article processes. Current active suppliers will be defined as any supplier that has supplied components, sub-assemblies or end products to Schlumberger within the last year. Part numbers will be considered active if Schlumberger has ordered or received a part number in the last year and has a forecast or purchase order placed for delivery within the next two years. Items that are considered out of scope for this study include software, services, facilities contractors, and transportation services. Any new products not released prior to the start of this study will also be considered out of scope for this research. The primary method of gathering data will be to analyze and consolidate the raw information currently in the corporate databases. These databases include Approved Supplier List, eQuality, Incoming Inspection, Quest, and Finance. The research team does not plan to conduct any formal surveys at this time. The research team will consist of at least one person from each of the potential stakeholders. These stakeholders will include Finance, Quality, Supply Chain Management, Procurement, Manufacturing, and Information Technology (IT). Schlumberger has several databases with significant raw data in each. The team realizes that obtaining and consolidating this information in a usable form might require the help of IT resources and potentially delay the overall results of the study. The research team plans to obtain the following information from the data available in the databases. The team will begin gathering data closest to the end customer and move upstream in the process flow to analyze the major process points along the supply chain. As a result, the team will review the current overall first pass yield for all Schlumberger manufacturing sites, each individual manufacturing site, and each product line. In addition, the research team will analyze the first pass yield at incoming inspection from the suppliers. This information will be analyzed at a global level, by supplier, and by Schlumberger manufacturing site location. The team will also determine how many suppliers are in the approved supplier database and compare this number to the current active suppliers. You read "Improving Quality to Improve Profits" in category "Essay examples" Since Pareto Analysis is such an important data analysis tool, this research team plans to utilize this approach as the primary method of organizing the data. As Karuppusami Gandhinathan (2006) point out a Pareto Analysis is a QC tool that ranks the data classifications in the descending order from the highest frequency of occurrences to the lowest frequency of occurrences. The total frequency is equated to 100 percent. The â€Å"vital few† items occupy a substantial amount (80 per cent) of cumulative percentage of occurrences and the â€Å"useful many† occupy only the remaining 20 per cent of occurrences† (par. 2). Utilizing Pareto Analysis will provide an easy way to determine where to focus resources for maximum benefit. Analyzing the resource allocation and budget needs to support this study reveals we need a core team of six people, a budget of $350,000, and four months to present the teams findings. At least one team member will represent the following func tions in the company. These functions include Finance, Quality, Supply Chain Management, Procurement, Manufacturing, and IT. The Finance Vice-president will be the champion of the study. Other employees will be involved as needed to complete the research. The budget includes salaries of the team members for four months, researching internal databases, potentially developing IT scripts to extract needed data and potentially visiting manufacturing facilities and suppliers to validate data or obtain additional detailed information. As in any research project, handling the study with the highest ethics is extremely important. As Cooper and Schindler (2011) point out â€Å"the goal of ethics is to ensure that no one is harmed or suffers adverse consequences from research activity† (p. 2). Cooper and Schindler (2011) go on to state â€Å"unethical activities are pervasive and include violating nondisclosure agreements, breaking participant confidentiality, misrepresenting results, deceiving people, using invoicing irregularities, avoiding legal liability, and more† (p. 32). Although this research team does not plan to conduct ‘official† surveys, t he team will conduct interviews with various participants to verify the data. In each case, the research team will disclose the nature of the study before engaging participants. Although Schlumberger has a strict no retaliation policy in the company, the final research report will not include the specific employee names of Schlumberger or suppliers employees. The primary focus of the study will be following and presenting the data related to product quality and increasing profits. The research team will honor all nondisclosure agreements and report the overall facts honestly. Consistent with company and standard research policy, the highest safety practices will be used throughout the study. Consistent with the research approach, the research team analyzed the data for the company owned manufacturing sites, first. This raw data revealed Schlumberger has a total of twenty-seven company owned manufacturing sites located in nine different countries. To review the first pass yield of these facilities, the research team reviewed a total of 4,376 quality records posted during 2012. The overall first pass yield for all twenty-seven facilities is 82 percent. The three facilities with the lowest first pass yields are all located in the Houston area. The three product lines with the lowest first pass yield are Pressure and Sampling (59%), Seismic (67%), and Drilling (71%). Next, the tea m began to analyze the information regarding our supplier performance. Based on the raw data, Schlumberger has a total of 5,778 approved suppliers. Of these suppliers 63% (or 3640) are considered active suppliers by definition. Of these active suppliers, twenty suppliers account for 61% of the line items delivered to the twenty-seven facilities. Three specific suppliers have the lowest first pass yield. These three suppliers are Freeport (46%), Harrison (61%), and Tenaris (63%). Based on public financial records, the current profit margin is recorded as $0. 98 per share in Q1FY12 and $1. 02 per share in Q2FY12. This translates into $1. 303 billion in Q1FY12 and $1. 40 billion in Q2FY12. A one percent increase in profit would increase earnings by just over $13 million per quarter. To validate the first pass yield data, the research team visited four company owned manufacturing sites each in North America, Europe, and Asia. Two of the facilities visited in each region recorded the highest first pass yields in that region. Two of the facilities visited in each region recorded the worst first pass yields in that region. During these visits, the research team took a tour of each facility, conducted an audit of the quality records and interviewed key members of each manufacturing team including the Process Engineers, Quality Engineers, Incoming Inspection and Finished Goods Inventory Warehouse Managers. During the audit, the research team reviewed each facilities documented processes, actual processes utilized and the data recorded in the quality database. To the research team’s surprise, the methods utilized in each of the facilities were not consistent – either documented or in actual practice. The North American and European facilities utilized and practiced the definition of first pass yield consistent with the research team’s definition. However, the Asian manufacturing facilities did not record the actual first pass yield per our definition. Instead, if a product failed testing, the Asian facilities would retest the product. If the product passed testing during the second or even the third test and passed, they recorded a positive first pass quality yield. The finding of inconsistent data records in the Asian facilities weakened the confidence in the raw data analyzed previously. However, it did uncover an opportunity to strengthen the company’s overall processes. In summary, the raw data suggests Houston manufacturing facilities have the three low yields of the twenty-seven in total. However, these facilities might not be the lowest yields because the research team uncovered inconsistencies in the data collection definition and process between the Asian manufacturing facilities and the European or North American facilities. As a result, a further study is recommended of the Asian facilities to determine how significant the overall raw data is skewed by them utilizing a different process to collect and record first pass yield. At the same time resources should be placed in the Houston facilities to raise the first pass yield from the current low level to 99%. Since the data and process for collecting and recording the data for the supplier first pass yield is consistent, the research team is confident in the results achieved. It is the recommendation of the research team to focus resources on the three lowest yielding suppliers. These resources should conduct a more detailed analysis to uncover the Pareto Analysis of the top defects. Once the top three defects are determined, the root cause and appropriate corrective actions can be determined to raise the first pass yield to the appropriate levels. Reviewing the financial evidence suggests a 1% increase in profit is achievable if the overall first pass yield of Schlumberger manufacturing facilities rises to 99%. To achieve this high yield levels quickly, the company will need a systematic and consistent approach across all facilities and suppliers. One such process to consider is implementing a combined Lean and Six Sigma continuous improvement approach in each manufacturing facility and with our suppliers. Since determining the cost of implementing Lean and Six Sigma process is out of scope for this research team, a further study would be needed to determine the cost of implementing significant process improvement verse the potential 1% benefit per quarter. Throughout this research the team worked well together. Having a process to follow made the overall activities much easier to accomplish in a systematic way. All members believed the success of this study was largely due to the planning at the beginning of the process. To keep the project on track, it was important to define exactly what activities were in the scope of the project and what was considered of of scope. When the team uncovered inconsistencies, in data collection or processes, we were able to document the information an continue progress toward the overall goal. Now that this study is complete the information will be recorded in our company Quest database for future reference. References APICS deifinitions First Pass Yield http://www. apics. org/dictionary/dictionary-information? ID=1543 Profit Margin http://www. apics. org/dictionary/dictionary-information? ID=3188 Cooper, D. R. and Schindler, P. S. (2011). Business research methods (11th ed. ). New York : McGraw-Hill Irwin Fawcett, S. E. , Calantone, R. J. (2000). Meeting quality and cost imperatives in a global market. International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management, 30(6), 472-499. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/docview/232588532? accountid=32521 Karuppusami, G. , Gandhinathan, R. (2006). Pareto analysis of critical success factors of total quality management. The TQM Magazine, 18(4), 372-385. doi: 10. 1108/09544780610671048. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/docview/227643251/fulltext/13911EA989455E63FDD/3? accountid=32521 How to cite Improving Quality to Improve Profits, Essay examples

The Deadliest Wars free essay sample

We are offering our special pizza. Background and Goals We understand that you have been serving your customers with variety of food in your buffet every day. It is obvious that your customers are gaining satisfaction and hat is the reason why they are encouraged to go back. However, like what you and other industries are doing, introducing new variety of products to the customers is also addressing their needs and wants more delightfully. We are here to offer you our unique and delicious pizza at low cost that will help you achieve your goal. By including our pizza to your buffet, it would give your customers more options on what to eat. It would also add another variation in your food choices. Lil PizzaRica will help you answer your customers needs and wants more than what you promised. Proposed Plan We are offering our unique and delicious pizza that would surely catch your customers taste. We will write a custom essay sample on The Deadliest Wars or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We have nine different flavors, which are the following: CheezyGarTom Xtreme Hawaiian HammyCheezy HammyCheezySausage CheezyPepperoni SausageBacon SausageCheesy Cheezy-na-Cheezy CheezyPepperoni with Sausage. The Deadliest Wars By lesleykehoe In 1914, when the European powers took to war, it was clear that years of building tension had erupted in one of the deadliest wars the world had ever seen. The general consensus among Americans, under the presidency of Woodrow Wilson, was that it was in Americas best interest not to enter the war. There is no doubt that American citizens would have taken comfort in the fact that Wilson was also reluctant to engage in any form of belligerency. He wanted to Mndicate principals for peace and Wilson in fact stated that America should be impartial in thought as well as in actions. In John G. Coogans article, Wilsons Unneutrality and its Costs, he makes it clear that, that in a time when American would have liked to be regarded as a mediator among the European powers, Wilson willingly disregarded international law and American History, and attempted to redefine neutrality, without the aid of awyers and textbooks. Coogan believes that the best summation of Wilsons attitude towards neutrality in the time of World War 1 was that his own opinion was his law. Coogans article condemns Wilson on the basis that he completely disregarded maritime law. He states that Wilson made no effort to hold the British maritime system within the boundaries of United States doctrines surrounding the rules of the high seas. In the first six months of war, Coogan tells us of how Wilson made only mild protest when Britain went in complete breach of maritime law by claiming the right to seize neutral ships on mere suspicion. These ships could be seized and held under the rule guilty until you prove yourself innocent. This was entirely against the sovereign rights of neutral citizens and states, yet Wilson, in Coogans opinion, seemed to turn a blind eye to the situation. America, according to Coogan, wished to be seen as a mediator by the European powers. However, the author attacks Wilson again when he says that Wilson chose to ignore Britains control over Dutch, Danish and Norwegian ports in order to keep them short of food, guaranteeing that there would be no surplus available for Germany. Coogan questions whether Wilson Just anted to give Americans the idea of isolation from the war. Wilson spoke in his public addresses of how neutrality was for Americas best interest, and it was Americas best interest he constantly had in mind. However, he said this while offering non belligerent aid to the Allies, Justifying this by stating that it would ensure national security. It appears that he gave Americans the comfort of believing American was neutral, but contradicted this completely in his actions. Coogan laughs at his excuse that while this may have been what citizens believed, this was never his intent. It appears that Wilson didnt see the contradiction between public promises of neutrality and ignorance of breach in maritime laws. In Coogans opinion, the real measure of American neutrality is Wilsons reaction when Germany stated that while it would regret a violation of Americas maritime rights in operations directed at the allies, they felt it was unavoidable. Germany were killing sailors and civilian passengers. Wilson reacted six days later with a strongly worded ultimatum, explaining in no uncertain terms that he wished for this to stop. He was, however, still unwilling to Join the war. Britain announced at the same time that they would blockade Germany, preventing neutral ships from supplying contraband goods to Wilson only mildly protested, sending a note that was described by British Assistant undersecretary as a letter that was altogether in a friendly tone. This event, as Coogan expresses, clearly shows the gulf between Wilsons public front of pro neutrality, and his actions Coogan believes that Wilson was delusional when he stated that he only entered the war because he was forced into it, in order to protect America from German submarines.